Plot and Themes of J.R.R. Tolkiens Book The Hobbit

Plot and Themes of J.R.R. Tolkien's Book 'The Hobbit' The Hobbit: Or, There and Back Again was composed by J.R.R. Tolkien as a childrens book and first distributed in Great Britain in 1937 by George Allen Unwin. It was distributed not long before the flare-up of WWII in Europe, and the book goes about as an introduction of sorts for the extraordinary set of three, The Lord of the Rings. While it was initially considered as a book for kids, it has been acknowledged as an incredible work of writing in its own right. While The Hobbit was in no way, shape or form the principal dream novel, it was among the first to consolidate impacts from different sources. Components of the book draw from Norse folklore, exemplary fantasies, Jewish writing, and crafted by nineteenth century Victorian childrens writers, for example, George MacDonald (writer The Princess and the Goblin, among others). The book likewise tries different things with an assortment of abstract strategies including types of epic verse and tune. Setting The tale happens in the anecdotal place where there is Middle Earth, a mind boggling dreamland which Tolkien created in detail. The book contains painstakingly drawn maps indicating different pieces of Middle Earth including the quiet and rich Shire, the Mines of Moria, the Lonely Mountain, and Mirkwood Forest. Every region of Middle Earth has its own history, characters, characteristics, and essentialness. Principle Characters The characters in The Hobbit incorporate a wide scope of imagination animals, generally drawn from old style fantasies and folklore. The hobbits themselves, be that as it may, are Tolkiens own creation. Little, home-adoring individuals, hobbits are additionally called halflings. They are fundamentally the same as little people with the exception of their extremely huge feet. A portion of the fundamental characters in the book include: Bilbo Baggins, a peaceful, unassuming Hobbit and the hero of the story.Gandalf, a wizard who starts Bilbo’s venture with the dwarves. Gandalf causes Bilbo to save his notoriety for wary decency and go on an undertaking that will change the hobbit forever.Thorin Oakenshield, the pioneer of a gathering of 13 dwarves who wish to recoup a fortune crowd taken by a dragon.Elrond, an insightful pioneer of the elves.Gollum, a once-human animal who found and is represented by an extraordinary ring of power.Smaug, the monster and adversary of the story. Plot and Storyline The narrative of The Hobbit starts in the Shire, place where there is the hobbits. The Shire is like a peaceful English open country, and the hobbits are spoken to as calm, agrarian individuals who evade experience and travel. Bilbo Baggins, the hero of the story, is amazed to end up facilitating a gathering of dwarves and the extraordinary wizard, Gandalf. The gathering has concluded that currently is the perfect opportunity to travel to the Lonely Mountain, where they will retake the dwarves treasure from the winged serpent, Smaug. They have assigned Bilbo to join the endeavor as their thief. In spite of the fact that at first hesitant, Bilbo consents to join the gathering, and they head off a long way from the Shire into the undeniably risky areas of Middle Earth. Along the way, Bilbo and his organization get together with a wide scope of animals both delightful and awful. As he is tried, Bilbo finds his own inward quality, unwaveringness, and clever. Every section includes a collaboration with another arrangement of characters and difficulties: The gathering is caught by trolls and almost eaten, yet are spared when daylight strikes the trolls and they are gone to stone.Gandalf drives the gathering to the Elven settlement of Rivendell where they meet the Elvish pioneer, Elrond.The bunch is gotten by trolls and driven profound underground. In spite of the fact that Gandalf salvages them, Bilbo gets isolated from the others as they escape the trolls. Lost in the troll burrows, he unearths a secretive ring and afterward experiences Gollum, who draws in him in a round of questions. As an award for illuminating all questions Gollum will show him the way out of the passages, yet in the event that Bilbo comes up short, his life will be relinquish. With the assistance of the ring, which gives intangibility, Bilbo get away and rejoins the dwarves, improving his notoriety with them. The trolls and Wargs give pursue, yet the organization is spared by eagles.The organization enters the dark backwoods of Mirkwood without Gandalf. In Mirk wood, Bilbo first spares the dwarves from goliath arachnids and afterward from the prisons of the Wood-mythical beings. Approaching the Lonely Mountain, the explorers are invited by the human occupants of Lake-town, who trust the dwarves will satisfy predictions of Smaugs death. The endeavor goes to the Lonely Mountain and finds the mystery entryway; Bilbo scouts the winged serpents refuge, taking an incredible cup and learning of a shortcoming in Smaugs defensive layer. The chafed winged serpent, concluding that Lake-town has helped the interloper, decides to demolish the town. A thrush has caught Bilbos report of Smaugs defenselessness and reports it to Lake-town safeguard Bard. His bolt finds the chink and kills the dragon.When the dwarves claim the mountain, Bilbo finds the Arkenstone, a treasure of Thorins line, and conceals it away. The Wood-mythical people and Lake-men blockade the mountain and solicitation remuneration for their guide, reparations for Lake-towns decimation, and settlement of old cases on the fortune. Thorin can't and, having called his kinfolk from the Iron Hills, strengthens his position. Bilbo attempts to deliver the Arkenstone to take off a war, however Thorin is die-hard. He ousts Bilbo, and fight appears inevitable.Gandalf retur ns to caution the entirety of a moving toward armed force of trolls and Wargs. The dwarves, men, and mythical beings gather as one, however just with the convenient appearance of the falcons and Beorn do they win the climactic Battle of Five Armies. Thorin is lethally injured and accommodates with Bilbo before he kicks the bucket. Bilbo acknowledges just a little bit of a lot of the fortune, having no need or requirement for additional, yet gets back an exceptionally well off hobbit. Topics The Hobbit is a basic story when contrasted with Tolkiens masterpiece The Lord of the Rings. It does, in any case, contain a few subjects: It investigates the procedure by which an untested individual builds up the understanding and aptitudes to turn into a leader;It guides the peruser to scrutinize the estimation of riches rather than harmony and contentment;It expands on Tolkiens individual involvement with World War I to think about the subject of whether triumph, however alluring, merits the cost of war.

Financial Management of Cadbury Limited

Money related Management of Cadbury Limited Cadbury Public Limited Company has been a huge worldwide organization in the confectionary business. The organization was gained by Kraft Foods in February 2010. At first, the organization was known as Cadbury-Schweppes Public Limited Company before the detachment of its US drink unit which is at present known as Dr Pepper Snapple Group (Cadbury PLC, 2010, p. 5). This procedure was embraced through a demerger that occurred between the two firms. In 2007, the organization had the option to close its manufacturing plant in Keynashan. 2008 saw Cadbury Public Limited Company sold its Monkhill Confectionary for  £ 58 million. Thus, 800 workers were moved to spare them from losing their positions. From 2009, the organization began supplanting its cocoa spread with palm oil (Cadbury PLC, 2010, p.4). There was no significant improvement in this methodology since it should upgrade taste and surface with a drawn out objective on expanded buyer request. As this was going on, there was a general reaction from buyers. These methodologies and new business approaches were for the most part being given a shot in New Zealand. After things neglected to emerge, the organization had to return to its underlying cocoa spread that had been the center of its business. The organization likewise set out to hotspot for cocoa beans by utilizing great, open and conspicuous exchange channels which would not be flawed. At first, the change to palm oil had apparently cost the organization more than 12 million in deals (Cadbury PLC, 2010, p. 7). In January 2010, Kraft Foods chose to buyout Cadbury. Kraft Foods had made a proposal to assume control over the organization for  £ 10.2 billion. This was dismissed in light of the fact that the organization thought about the cost as underestimated. It was not until 2010 that an agreement was reached between the organizations after an unfriendly offer. Kraft Foods had consented to give out  £11.5 billion for the arrangement. To make this effective, it needed to acquire  £7 billion (Kraft Foods, 2010, p. 8). In doing this, the organization had a dream of turning into a worldwide confectionary pioneer. Kraft Foods chose to base itself in Pennsylvania. In actuality it has a controlling stake in Cadbury chocolates in the United States. In laying more accentuation on this arrangement, the organization had considered it to be the best chance to expand its market access to a worldwide market that has been expanding significantly over the ongoing years. This takeover had been broadly scrutinized over all partitions as they saw Cadbury as a critical organization in Britains economy (Kraft Foods, 2010, p. 4). There had been a general view that this arrangement was putting 30,000 occupations in danger. There was a dissent on the measure of warning expenses that banks were charging in managing this arrangement. A bank claimed by the administration (RBS) had the option to back 84% of the arrangement. February 2010 saw Kraft Foods conclude the arrangement by making sure about 71% of the companys shares (Kraft Foods, 2010, p. 3). It missed the mark regarding its desires for having a 75% stake that could have made it delist Cadbury from the financial exchange and make it part of Kraft Foods. The organization was later on ready to accomplish this (its objectives) which prompted the delisting of Cadbury from the securities exchange. After this, the CEO and the monetary official needed to leave. Conversation Business Cadbury has a built up business with activities in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand and the United states. The United Kingdom confectionary had eight processing plants with a staff of 3000 workers (Bradley, 2008, p. 5). In the UK a portion of the items it has been delivering are done as such under permit; like the Cadbury bread rolls under the permit of Burton nourishments. From Ireland, chocolate created is more than  £25 million (Costello, 2009, p. 4). This has been sent out getting a ton of income. Its quality in the US is dependable with the assembling of mints and gums. The companys Cadburys have been found and sold in the nation yet they are produced by Hersheys. This Cadbury can for the most part be found in Hersheys stores (Bradley, 2008, p. 5). Notwithstanding these, the organization has manufacturing plants in both Australia and New Zealand. To make it increasingly powerful the organization has been overhauling its assembling plant in Claremont. In an increasingly expansive point of view, the organization has a wide scope of items that it has given to the market in an offer to improve its business. Notwithstanding these, it has its novel brands that have assisted with creating enough incomes for the organization. To provide food for an enormous market, the organization has in excess of 50 brands with 40 of them being over 100 years of age (MacAlister, 2009, p. 10). In the year 2004 after a decrease in deals, the organization was occupied with a rebuilding program. To fortify its business the organization has been getting others to expand its market nearness. Financial specialists and item Cadbury has an enormous brand that has consistently given it a solid market nearness. It has a long history of confectionary marks that have consistently been acquainted each year with guarantee that the market has assortment to browse. This implies each year has seen another essence of brands. Furthermore, the organization has drinks that have a long history from 1783 (Costello, 2009, p. 14).On the other hand it has most loved brands like Bassets and Bourn vita among others. Cadbury overall is a brand name that has built up itself well in the market. The organization exchanges its offers the London stock trade advertise. The last time before the organization was obtained; its offers were exchanging at  £863 (Muspratt, 2009, p. 8). Its offers have been doing admirably in the market on account of the drawn out technique that had been embraced to build its worth. By putting resources into the organization, speculators have motivation to realize that their ventures will develop as the organization has a worldwide nearness in a wide market. Kraft Foods has a wide scope of brands for the market to suit the particular and various tastes and inclinations. These brands are spread out in excess of 155 nations that the organization has a nearness in (Weisenthal, 2009, p. 9). Its solid image nearness has assisted with building its center business in the market. With its 50 brands, the organization has had the option to serve a wide market acceptably with no issues. This has been all around done to guarantee that everyone has a decent taste. Thus, shoppers have been progressively enthusiastic about their brands. The organization exchanges its offers the New York stock trade advertise. Notwithstanding these, the individuals who have put resources into the organization are given profits as the organization has a profit yield of 4.0 (Weisenthal, 2009, p. 19). The individuals who wish to be a piece of the organization are urged to do as such as data with respect to its presentation is given. Money related market condition This condition is liable for a compelling showcasing the executives. The two organizations have had a decent history as far as their money related execution put something aside for a couple of events. Prior to the securing, the organization (Cadbury) had begun redistributing the vast majority of its exercises including promoting. Since the organization has a wide worldwide nearness it has gone through a great deal of cash in advertising exercises to expand its piece of the pie. This has not been opposed at all as it has been planned for expanding its incentive in light of speculators. Showcasing exercises have the essential money related help to reinforce the companys brand in the market. In the wake of procuring Cadburys, the organization (Kraft) has guaranteed that it takes part in dynamic promoting efforts to fortify its existences. The organization has a wide worldwide market that is serious. Along these lines, the administration has consistently given a decent financial plan to promoting exercises. This can be very much shown in the TV plugs that the organization has been running in various nations. Since the organization has a nearness in excess of 155 nations it has guaranteed that its promoting is felt in each spot (MacAlister, 2009, p. 15). Showcasing has been finished with a point of expanding the companys advertise esteem which has assisted with expanding incomes. Since the organization has a huge monetary muscle, a sizeable measure of cash has been allotted to the administration to guarantee that its advertising exercises are felt in the market. Business technique The two organizations have had dynamic development as a result of good business procedures. Cadburys has had a procedure of guaranteeing that it has nearness in various markets to arrive at a wide base of clients (Holson, 2000, p. 9). To guarantee that its assembling exercises are not meddled with, it has plants in various nations for continuous business exercises. In view of a wide market, the organization has guaranteed that it keeps being imaginative in giving clients new items once in a while to suit their dissimilar tastes and inclinations (Weisenthal, 2009, p. 4). The organization has clung to sound and security practices to give itself a decent name in the market. From its history it tends to be noticed that it has presented new items consistently for coherence. Kraft Foods has been associated with a great deal of research to think of new items to expand its wide scope of brands. The organization has more than 70 brands and this has made buyers increasingly OK with their wide range was the fate of decision (Holson, 2000, p. 2). Aside from this, the organization has activities in excess of 155 nations and this has empowered it to arrive at a wide market that it can offer its items to. It has likewise been associated with acquisitions to give it a more extensive market nearness that the underlying organizations had. These exercises have been done to upgrade its money related position with the goal that it can enhance its tasks well (MacAlister, 2009, p. 5). To catch the consideration of the market well with an effect, the organization has occupied with advancements to edify the general population about its items. These advancements have made customers progressively learned about the organization and its exercises. Suggestions to create Forex procedures With Forex exposures, the organization has been unprote

Coping With Symptoms Through Expressive Writing

Coping With Symptoms Through Expressive Writing BPD Living With BPD Print Manage Your Symptoms Through Expressive Writing By Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD, is a clinical psychologist and associate professor of psychology at Eastern Connecticut State University. Learn about our editorial policy Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Updated on October 21, 2019 Hero Images / Getty Images More in BPD Living With BPD Diagnosis Treatment Related Conditions For people with psychological problems like borderline personality disorder (BPA), various types of expressive writing have been shown to have a positive impact. People have used journaling as a means of expressing their feelings and healing for centuries. If you are struggling with a mental illness, expressive writing may be a useful addition to your therapy. What Is Expressive Writing? Expressive writing is hard to define because it is essentially anything you want it to be. There are no complicated rules or elaborate style guidelines. It is simply the act of writing about your personal experiences in order to better recognize and understand your own perceptions, feelings, and responses. Expressive writing can take many forms. For example, you could keep a traditional paper diary or you could launch a blog that functions as an online journal. One day you may write in prose, other days you may write poetry. Choose whatever you feel most comfortable with. There is evidence that expressive writing is helpful whether or not you share that writing with someone else, so if you want to keep it private that is perfectly fine. Why Is It Helpful? Researchers are not entirely sure why expressive writing is helpful, but there are a few theories that may explain why it works. First, it may help you to make sense of what is happening in your life. It may be a way to better process and think through the meaning of events and how you want to respond. Expressive writing may also help you express pent up emotions about things that have happened. For those with borderline personality disorder, this can be a useful way to manage intense feelings and curb harmful impulses.   Finally, expressive writing that is shared with others may give you a sense of social support. It feels good to share your writing and get positive feedback or have others let you know that they have been through similar circumstances. Journal Your Way out of Anxiety What Should I Write About? You can write about anything you want. Usually, people choose to write about events that are of personal importance. They are often events that are at least mildly emotional or are personally relevant for any number of reasons. For example, you might write about a stressful event that is happening in your life now  or an important event in your childhood. Perhaps you want to write about how you perceive aspects of your relationships, your work life, or your spiritual life. The topic isn’t as important as how you write about it. Expressive writing is probably most helpful when you write about a topic in depth. This means that rather than writing about the superficial or surface qualities of an event, you really delve into the emotional aspects of the event. For example, ask yourself: How were you feeling at different points in the event?What were you thinking?What physical sensations did you have?How did this event impact how you see yourself, other people, the world, or your futureWhat does this event now mean about you? Why Bullet Journal Can Be So Effective A Word From Verywell If you’ve never tried expressive writing before, it may feel a little strange or awkward at first. It is definitely a skill that requires a bit of practice before it begins to feel comfortable. Before you start, it may help to check out some examples from others.

Why Social Workers Can Not Be Overstated - 1301 Words

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Motivation Report On Industrial And Organizational Psychology

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Finding that delicate balance to can sometimes be elusive so effectively learning how to motivate by understanding, controlling and influencing factors to manipulate behavior and choices that are available to employees can produce the desired outcome. Behavior based motivation such as Equity Theory, Expectancy Theory and Reinforcement Theories are built on the premise that employee behavior is directly linked to the consequences of their actions. Equity theory tries to define the measurement and the satisfaction relationship ofShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Psychology Paper Psy 428924 Words   |  4 PagesOrganizational Psychology Paper Shanna Brookins PSY/428 12/12/2011 Organizational Psychology Paper Introduction Organizational psychology is the study of a formal organization and how individuals and groups act within that organization; in other words, the scientific study of the workplace. The goal of organizational psychology is to help organizations function the best way possible. 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Bass has held faculty positions at the UniversityRead MoreDefinition and History of Industrial Psychology2947 Words   |  12 PagesOF INDUSTRAL PSYCHOLOGY Industrial psychology is a relatively recent subfield of psychology. In fact it did not become fully productive until about the late 1920s. The industrial side of industrial psychology has its historical origins in research on individual differences, assessment, and the prediction of performance. This branch of the field crystallized during World War I, in response to the need to rapidly assign new troops to duty stations. After the War the growing industrial base in the

Class and Gender Reflection Free Essays

A reflection on Class and Gender from a traditional / ethnic background by: Gender: I grew up surrounded by powerful women: Three older sisters who decided what I would wear and which games we would play. A mother and two aunties, who held positions of power as teachers. My dad was a passive person and therefore was ruled by the women in our household. We will write a custom essay sample on Class and Gender Reflection or any similar topic only for you Order Now So at my young age, â€Å"Gender† was protection for my dad’ My first exposure to gender outside of my household was In the media. With the feminist movement. I then realized that my home was an exception and that globally, omen were being treated as If they were Inferior to men. But another realization came to me: In the western world, women were fighting for independence, whereas in traditional societies, women were (and are still) fighting for family unity. A priest once told me: The woman Is the pillar of her household. In the ass in Mauritius, the feminist movement started with the boom In the economy. Suddenly, housewives went to work In mass In factories and this caused a significant change in the family dynamics in two ways: No longer were men the sole bread winners in the family; and Ђ Children were coming home from school without a parent being horn. With regards to Africa, a significant component of humanitarian aid has gone towards the empowerment of African women, like helping them to build Income generating activities. However, no work has been done in parallel with the men. So men of traditional societies suddenly found themselves less educated than their wives, and becoming reliant on their wives for Income support. This loss In status without any opportunity to express themselves, have caused some men to turn violent towards heir wives. More and more now. Unitarian agencies are making sure that all community members participate in the process of project to ensure that the men are not left â€Å"behind-. Class: Growing up, It was clear that there was (and that there still Is) a social class system In Mauritius, even It It was not openly acknowledged. There Is clear delve In terms of 1) wealth, 2) education, 3) skin color and even 4) your name. And this class structure Is maintained by the political and economic system, bec ause they benefit trot it. Politicians can more easily pull the wool over the eyes tooth population, it the latter is uneducated. In Australia, it seemed that there was no class division in society – I now know that this Is not true. Twelve years ago, I moved back to Mauritius and chose to live in a small coastal village where the majority of the people are poor. My city friends could not relate to my new friends from the village. There were many differences between the two groups: education, beliefs, methods of worship, standard of living, health and hygiene (amongst many others) and neither group could openly and clearly monomaniac with each other and therefore would struggle to understand the actions of the other. People from a different social class have a different culture: they have a different way of looking at things. For example, Cambodia like eating grilled cockroaches, while we Mauritania make it our purpose to exterminate them. And this reminds me of one of my favorite quote – â€Å"El respect De la difference De latter est.  ¤ la base De lanthanum ©Ã¢â‚¬  – which literally translate to – respect for the difference in others is at the core of our humanity. How to cite Class and Gender Reflection, Papers

Standardized Patients Portraying Mental Illness

Question: Discuss about the Standardized Patients Portraying Mental Illness. Answer: Introduction: Mental illness is a health condition in which a persons thinking pattern and feeling is affected leading to impaired daily life functions. Mental health disorder may not be the results of one event; it may be caused by multiple factors. A person newly diagnosed with mental illness fail to understand the symptoms and manage his condition. However, a person with lived experience of mental illness can understand the effects of mental illness, recovery and the therapeutic intervention to manage daily life activities. According to nursing and midwifery Board, a nurse must deliver care to address complex physical and mental health needs of patients (Halcomb et al. 2016). However, nurses have often been found to be incompetent in mental care and many struggles to provide care to mentally ill patients despite their best efforts. This occurs mainly due to lack of resource and complexities involved in treating people with mental illness (Townsend 2014). Due to this problem, there is increased focus on interaction with patients who have lived experience of mental illness to develop and improve nursing practice. Health care consumers with lived experience of mental illness are becoming a new solution to nursing dilemma. Patients with lived experience help to provide new insight to enhance and maximize care and overcome challenges in mental health treatment. Their self-help skills and interaction with peer support groups gives them the necessary knowledge to understand the complexities involved in mental illness and manage them. A nurse entering mental health care may benefit a lot form interaction with such patients to professionally develop in their job (Light et al. 2014). The purpose of the essay is to understand the benefits of health care consumer with lived experience of mental illness to overcome dilemmas in nursing practice and learn from the experience of patients to enhance and develop nursing competency in treating patients with mental illness. The essay discusses the contribution of patients expert by experience and how they develop nursing practice with support from evidence-based literature. The relevance of the findings from literature related to carers and consumers experience of living with mental illness is examined in relation to own nursing practice. Taking the patients perspective in mental illness can be an effective step to modify nursing intervention to achieve better patient outcome in psychiatric care. Nurses are incompetent in caring for mentally ill patients because they do not get the practical exposure during their nursing graduation program. During the pre-licensure level, nurses are trained to understand vital signs, deliver treatment, assess patient status, and administer medication. Through technical and mechanical skills, nursing students conceptualize nursing practice. Due to little exposure to mental ill patients in pre-licensure stage, nurses face difficulty in the transition to post-licensure stage when they face difficulty in communicating with mentally ill patients and understanding their illness (Sabella Fay-Hillier 2014). Considering the presence of this challenge in mental health nursing, a phenomenographic study was useful in providing insight into the experiences of person living with severe mental illness. Weimand et al. (2013) showed that patients and families with mental illness experience many challenges and complex life situation due to mental disorder. Th e phenomenographic analysis of patients with live experience showed that they either learn to balance multiple health concerns or struggle between opposing feelings and thought patterns. Relative of mentally ill patients mostly revealed that ethical dilemma mostly arise, and lot of love and compassion and sense of duty is needed to take care of mentally ill person. The support from family members followed by adequate follow-up is the key to achieve better outcome for patients with mental illness. Examination of lived experience of consumers is important for nurses as their experience match up with other mentally ill patients in hospitals. Hiring such patients with lived experience may help a nurse to understand the cause of mental disorder and the associated symptom for particular patient. They serve as a recovery role model as they reflect other patients needs through their lived experience with the ailment (Yang et al. 2014). Another research gives insight into the nursing students lived experience with mental illness and how this had impact on their practice. Their personal experience of mental distress either by themselves or through families was analyzed. Interaction with them revealed that certain experience in life such as domestic violence, death of loved ones, relationship and other social issues drive them to extreme depression and eventually mental disorder. Such carers with lived experience can enhance mental health nursing practice because through their personal experience, they develop understanding of others experience and how they feel. This can be useful for nurse to assist patients in developing coping strategies to manage mental illness. Under such circumstances, nurses can easily empathize with patients suffering, understand their mental conflicts and provide necessary nursing intervention (Gilbert Stickley 2012). Lived experience of carers automatically leads to emanation of empathy and developing therapeutic relationship with patients. Hence, through lived experience of mental illness, carers can easily relate to patient issues and think on humanistic level to display sympathy and engage in shared decision making. The interaction with heath care consumer who has lived with experiences of mental illness also helps in understanding of structural vulnerability that exposes them to experiences of stigma. As discrimination often leads to non-adherence to treatment and increased health care spending, gaining knowledge from this group can help to address the barrier involved in effective and appropriate care. Based on this knowledge, nurse can take action to shift users position from area of vulnerability to safer health care outcome (Yang et al. 2014). Apart from the role of experienced health care consumer in developing mental health nursing practice, the performance of nurse is also dependent on their professional skills, personal values and environmental factors in health care setting. Nurse self-awareness and support about the needs of mentally ill patient is most critical in building relationship with patients and providing care according to current needs of patients. It will increase patients satisfaction with the service, reduce symptoms of mental distress and develop an environment to facilitate early recovery of patients (Gunasekara et al. 2014). Another research into experiences of mental health consumers gave the idea that nurses can know about the use and effect of anti-psychotic medications from them. The experience of people undergoing mental care treatment revealed the impact of anti-psychotic medication, attitude towards the use of medication in patients and the coping strategies adopted by them to manage the side-effects. Some participants in the study also revealed that severe side-effects had an adverse impact on their daily life functions. There was a common trend to change the dosage of medication which was also harmful. The presence of side-effects in anti-psychotic medication often lead to non-adherence to treatment and this is often the reason for relapse of symptoms despite continued treatment. Side-effects were regarded by patients as an additional burden for the health care system. Hence, this form of interaction can inform mental health nurses about the common side-effects associated with ant-psychotic medi cations such as dry mouth, locked jaw, nausea, dizziness, vomiting, skin sensitivity, disorientation and many others. It will help them understand the cumulative effect of medication on patients and identify factors that might lead patients to deny medications (Morrison et al. 2015). Based on this understanding, they can take plan strategies to improve adherence and acceptance to treatment regimen. This interaction with lived experience can make nurses aware of erroneous coping strategies adopted by patients to manage side-effects and correcting them by means of relaxation and personal support techniques. Nurse can turn as an advocate for patients through correct information sharing and collaborating with patients to make informed and shared decision making in mental care (Brown Gray 2015). The mental health consumers, expert with experience gives an idea about the health care access issues, feeling of isolation due to stigma, resistance to treatment and any vulnerability and distress in patients with mental illness. Through this knowledge, newly placed nurse can get the necessary exposure to engage in decision making and decide on appropriate nursing intervention for patients. They can develop their competency in mental health nursing to address issues of patients and make a different in the quality of life of patients (Stuart 2014). Hence, expert patients having all knowledge of management of mental illness can help to develop the skills of incompetent nurse to provide a supportive environment for mentally ill patients. A study investigating the impact of patients with lived experience showed that nurse performance improved a lot and they built on confidence to tackle the issues of patients. A systematic method of arrangement to train nurses followed by debriefing wit h patients with lived experience of mental illness can help to achieve mental well-being of patients (Jarosinski Webster 2016). As I am going to be a newly registered nurse soon, the above finding from different evidence regarding the role of patients expert with experience can help me a lot to develop my skills in nursing profession. The first and foremost priority for me will be to engage in professional practice by complying with current legislation in nursing practice, engaging in self-appraisal, critical reflection, developing skills of coordinated care and sustaining therapeutic relation with patients (Melnyk et al. 2014). Through the findings on experience of carers involved in patients living with mental illness, I got an idea about the feelings and issues of patients in care. I will use this information to modify my nursing values in mental care and display empathy and support for such patients to give them relief from their illness. The interaction with such carer will help me to understand factors that lead to non-adherence to treatment and then plan strategies to overcome them. Patient centered ca re is most important in mental illness and the above findings will help me to develop effective relation with patients (Ignatavicius Workman 2015). The findings gave rise to key themes and issues faced by mentally ill patients such as lack of knowledge regarding health care access, low awareness and self-help skills, problems associated with side-effects of anti-psychotic medication, factors leading to non-adherence to treatment and many others. With the knowledge of these issues before my clinical placement, I can prepare myself accordingly. Patients with live experience will also provide me support to develop health assessment skills and continue my focus on treatment. The findings from the study will be useful to promote optimal health and well-being and prevention of mental illness. The training with expert patients and carers will provided opportunities to update skills and knowledge in mental health nursing. This will enable me to overcome theory-practice gap and achieve the recovery of patients (Yong-Shian et al. 2016). From the essay on lived experience of mental illness and developing nursing practice, it can be said that interaction with this health care consumer is fast becoming a solution to overcome nursing dilemmas. The findings from different study revealed that cares with lived experience can better understand the feelings and emotions of other patients due to their own personal experience. Through this experience, they will develop the values of empathy to support patients with mental conflicts. Beside the examination of patients with lived experience gave an idea about the barrier in treatment such as stigma, side-effects of medication, grief and trauma in life, poor self-help skills and management of illness in daily life. Through these findings, personal nursing practice can be improved by getting aware of the problem before becoming a registered nurse. This will help to practice according to professional standards of nursing practice. Reference Brown, E. Gray, R. 2015, "Tackling medication non?adherence in severe mental illness: where are we going wrong?",Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing,vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 192-198. Gilbert, P. Stickley, T. 2012, ""Wounded Healers": the role of lived-experience in mental health education and practice",The Journal of Mental Health Training, Education and Practice,vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 33-41. Gunasekara, I., Pentland, T., Rodgers, T. Patterson, S., 2014. What makes an excellent mental health nurse? A pragmatic inquiry initiated and conducted by people with lived experience of service use.International Journal of Mental Health Nursing,23(2), pp.101-109. Halcomb, E., Stephens, M., Bryce, J., Foley, E. Ashley, C., 2016. Nursing competency standards in primary health care: an integrative review.Journal of clinical nursing,25(9-10), pp.1193-1205. Ignatavicius, D.D. Workman, M.L., 2015.Medical-surgical nursing: Patient-centered collaborative care. Elsevier Health Sciences. Jarosinski, J.M. Webster, D.A. 2016, "Acting With a Purpose: The Lived Experience of Actors in the Role of Standardized Patients Portraying Mental Illness",Clinical Simulation in Nursing,vol. 12, no. 12, pp. 539-545. Light, E.M., Robertson, M.D., Boyce, P., Carney, T., Rosen, A., Cleary, M., Hunt, G.E., OConnor, N., Ryan, C. Kerridge, I.H., 2014. The lived experience of involuntary community treatment: a qualitative study of mental health consumers and carers.Australasian Psychiatry,22(4), pp.345-351. Melnyk, B.M., Gallagher?Ford, L., Long, L.E. Fineout?Overholt, E., 2014. The establishment of evidence?based practice competencies for practicing registered nurses and advanced practice nurses in real?world clinical settings: proficiencies to improve healthcare quality, reliability, patient outcomes, and costs.Worldviews on Evidence?Based Nursing,11(1), pp.5-15. Morrison, P., Meehan, T. Stomski, N.J. 2015, "Living with antipsychotic medication side-effects: The experience of Australian mental health consumers: Antipsychotic Medication Side-Effects",International Journal of Mental Health Nursing,vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 253-261. Sabella, D. Fay-Hillier, T., 2014. Challenges in mental health nursing: Current opinion.Nursing: Research and Reviews,4, pp.1-6. Stuart, G.W., 2014.Principles and practice of psychiatric nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences. Townsend, M.C., 2014.Psychiatric mental health nursing: Concepts of care in evidence-based practice. FA Davis. Weimand, B.M., Hall?Lord, M.L., Sllstrm, C., Hedelin, B., Avdelningen fr omvrdnad, Karlstads universitet Fakulteten fr samhlls- och livsvetenskaper 2013, "Life?sharing experiences of relatives of persons with severe mental illness a phenomenographic study",Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences,vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 99-107. Yang, L.H., Chen, F.P., Sia, K.J., Lam, J., Lam, K., Ngo, H., Lee, S., Kleinman, A. Good, B., 2014. What matters most: A cultural mechanism moderating structural vulnerability and moral experience of mental illness stigma.Social Science Medicine,103, pp.84-93. Yong-Shian, G.O.H., Selvarajan, S., Chng, M.L., Tan, C.S. Yobas, P., 2016. Using standardized patients in enhancing undergraduate students' learning experience in mental health nursing.Nurse Education Today,45, pp.167-172.

The Open Boat and To Build a Fire

Introduction Naturalism was an offshoot of determinism and Darwinism. These schools of thought held that man had minimal control over his fate because the environment shaped his life. ‘The Open Boat’ and ‘To Build a Fire’ epitomize this literary movement. Not only do the writers use practical and succinct language that is typical of this school, but they also place greater emphasis on processes over people. This approach was in keeping with their reverence for neutrality.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on ‘The Open Boat’ and ‘To Build a Fire’ specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More How the two narratives exemplify naturalism Naturalists often make conservative use of language in their narrations and these two books are no exception. These authors detached themselves from their characters as well as the human situations. ‘The Open Boat’ describes the four men ’s adventures with a great degree of temperance. The author had opportunities to exaggerate their accomplishments as well as their failures, but he did not. The desperate nature of the characters is consistent with their dreary settings, so every stylistic choice matches developments in the story. One should also note that only one of the characters in the story has a name –Billie. This level of detachment testifies to the realism that naturalists liked. Similarly, the writing in ‘To Build a Fire’ was objective and concise. London stays away from the emotions and insecurities of his protagonist. Nothing sets him apart as a special individual. In fact, the hard language in the narration and the twists and turns of the story make the man seem like a sideshow. The author’s language is objective and factual. For instance, he talks about the number of matches that the man used and why ice froze on his beard (London 36). This stylistic choice was in tande m with his naturalist thought. He wanted to furnish the audience with objective information such that they can competently assess the environment. Naturalism also explains why London did not name his central character. Doing so would have detracted readers from the subject matter. As the name implies, naturalism was a school of thought that focused on nature. It dwelt on ‘what is’ rather than ‘what should be’. Therefore, when pioneers of the intellectual school wrote about something, they gave precedence to the environment rather than the people in them. For instance in ‘To Build a Fire’, readers can find a lot of information about nature. London talks about springs, creeks, fires, snow and how each of these natural processes can change and affect the elements surrounding them. In the book, one understands the repercussions of exposing one’s cheeks to extremely cold weather.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Likewise, the same description of all things natural can be found in ‘The Open Boat’. Most of the discussions in the piece dwell on how the sea operates; its waves and tides can change dramatically and thus affect those who are standing on its way. At the beginning of the story, the sea seemed like a merciless monster that the men personified. However, towards the end of the story, they soon realize that the sea is a natural object (Crane 14). It has no intentions and does not inflict deliberate harm. Crane wanted to prove that nature is ‘what is’. Man is the one that gets too preoccupied with what it should be. Naturalists ascribed to Darwinian and determinist thought. Darwin led the determinist school by demonstrating how evolution occurred. The scholar affirmed that the environment shapes organisms over extremely long periods of time. It caused them to develop different physic al characteristics (mutate) from those of organisms within the same species. In subsequent times, groups that had favorable traits survived while the ones with unfavorable ones died. Determinism proved that man was helpless against his environment. His free will had little to do with what occurred to him (Sorrentino 104). These themes are present in both narrations. In ‘The Open Boat’, the waves are frequently changing; the men have little control over these waves even after spending a substantial amount of time at sea. Man can do little to change the forces of nature. Therefore, he must accept this condition and only focus on reacting to what nature presents. Naturalists believed in the insignificance of free will. Likewise, the author of ‘To Build a Fire’, wanted to show how even intellectualism could not save many from nature. The man had a map and was set on hunting for gold. However, he later had to abandon these ambitions because of the harsh weather. The dog had a higher chance of survival than the man because it understood its place in the natural world. It reacted to its environment and thus outlived the man. However, the protagonist did not respect the power of the natural world and thus subjected himself to danger. The deterministic environment altered his goals and thus triumphed over his free will. Many naturalists acknowledge the determinism of the environment, but they do not believe in its divinity. Nature was neither against or for man; it was simply present. Therefore, one should not expect moral judgment from nature as this will not materialize (Bender 92).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on ‘The Open Boat’ and ‘To Build a Fire’ specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More London does not blame the man for the fall in the snow, and neither does he blame the snow. If one must ascribe moral responsibility on a party, then it should be p laced on man since he can predict the consequences of his actions. Nature is also indifferent to man in ‘The Open Boat’. The men initially blame the sea for their predicaments. In one occasion, they claim that the sea is hissing and snarling. However, the narrator later learns that nature was not against them when one large wave carries him to shore. One can thus deduce that nature is not a partisan party if it can rescue and cause harm at the same time. Adherents of the naturalism movement favored members of the lower classes. Alternatively, their characters became classless in the wake of environmental forces. In ‘To Build a Fire’, the protagonist is probably one such character because he leaves his home for a dangerous expedition, in hostile weather, so as to hunt for gold (London 8). Conversely ‘Open Boat’ has an oiler, a correspondent, a cook as well as a captain. None of these titles matter in the grueling and unpredictable sea; all that counts is their survival. Conclusion Naturalists strongly espoused neutrality. This is evident in their succinct and factual language as well as their focus on plot rather than the people in their narrations. The authors under analysis show that man’s free will is irrelevant, and even his intellectualism cannot fight nature. Conversely, London and Crane acknowledge the impartiality of nature and its inability to wield moral judgment over man. Works Cited Bender, Bert. Sea-Brothers: The Tradition of American Sea Fiction from Moby-Dick to the Present. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press,1990. Print. Crane, Stephen. 2011. The open boat and other tales of adventure. 2011. Web. †¹https://archive.org/details/openboatothertal00cranuoft/page/n6†º London, Jack. 2012. To build a fire. 2012. Web.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Sorrentino, Paul. Stephen Crane Remembered. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2006. Print. This essay on ‘The Open Boat’ and ‘To Build a Fire’ was written and submitted by user Obi-Wan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Case Management for Breast Cancer Patients

Case Management for Breast Cancer Patients Tumours are diseases that can be characterized with little percentage of preventive measures taken to forecast the condition of a patient or analyze the possibility of inherited genomes to provoke development of cancer tumours. In this respect, preventive measures should be taken in order to decrease the mortality rates all over the world in terms of cancer illness and breast cancer in particular. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Case Management for Breast Cancer Patients specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The changes should be made in the area of preventive approaching the breast cancer as a chronic illness in institutions addressing the healthcare providers’ professional competencies and the way patients, families, and communities perceive this illness and prevent its appearance. Breast cancer as a chronic disease Breast cancer is a chronic illness because it is a recurring one and, as a rule, it progresses sl owly. Mammary neoplasms are treated as a chronic illness if neoplasms occur constantly even after the use of invasive method and chemotherapy sessions and demonstrate a low progress. In this respect, it needs a completely different approach than a single instance of breast cancer tumour that can be extracted and a tumour can happen to occur no more. Another case that can be considered in breast cancer treatment is the fast or inoperative instance of mammal neoplasm. Inherited propensity and different external factors (smoking, eating carcinogenic products, and others) can accelerate the risk of cancer occurrence. However, sometimes, people live with cancer tumours all life long and undergo a number of chemotherapy sessions that slow down the development and spreading of infected cells. So, a patient should be screened for a breast cancer and appropriate measures should be taken if a patient has an inherited propensity of breast cancer. As reported by Perry et al. (2007), in June 2 003, the European Parliament called for establishment of a programme by 2008 which should lead to a future 25% reduction in breast cancer mortality rates in the EU and also a reduction to 5% in the disparity in the survival rates between member states† (p.615). So, this can be considered the first set of measures to be taken for improving the treatment incorporation of preventive measures into practice as an alternative for supportive measures. Though supportive measures are necessary for patents that have been diagnosed advanced breast cancer tumour, it is necessary to think about alternative ways to decrease the rate of mortality caused by breast cancer and various complications. Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, Blamey et al. (2007) have studied the survival of invasive breast cancer which presupposes supportive taken for patients that were diagnosed adv anced breast cancer tumour and have to perceive some treatment in the form of surgical invasion followed by chemotherapy sessions. In this respect, breast cancer can be characterised as a chronic illness that needs preventive measures to be introduced for healthcare providers and for patients and their families as an alternative to supportive measures. Supportive care contrasted to preventive measures As supportive measures were taken for breast cancer patients in the late 20th century, it is necessary to implement some preventive measures. Perry et al. (2007) suggests that even the supportive invasive measures were well-coordinated in case of advanced tumours diagnosis (p.619). In other words, supportive measures are contrasted to timely screening of breast cancer and preventive measures taken for breast cancer patients. When preventive treatment does not work, it is necessary to implement healthcare education for patients and their families. In addition, all types of health care institutions should incorporate preventive measures for patients that have inherited predisposition to breast cancer. Counselling sessions and other ways to inform people that may potentially be diagnosed breast cancer would be primary steps to prevent breast cancer and reduce the mortality rate. As a rule, the reports inform about increase in the spreading rates and the mortality rates. However, the study by Ravdin et al. (2007) offers some evidence of the decrease in breast cancer incidence in breast cancer in the United States in 2003. Perhaps, it is necessary to analyze the measures taken by healthcare providers that year to achieve this result and continue in the same manner. One of the possible ways to increase the awareness of patents in their possible illnesses is to inform the population of the measures to be taken to decrease the effect of various factors on their organism and undergo a set of procedures. Thus, Robson, Offit (2007) report of certain risk assessment and g enetic testing to be taken in case a patient can potentially be diagnosed breast cancer. Besides, there are measures that can be taken to inform the patient and her family members about the risk and risk that exists in this case. A set of preventive measures can be taken if a person is of definite age and can be potentially diagnosed breast cancer due to certain external factors. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Case Management for Breast Cancer Patients specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, it is necessary to take some measures such as mammography to prevent the slightest possible percent of being diagnosed breast cancer. However, even if you are diagnosed breast cancer, it woud be more productive to remove the tumour and take non-invasive measures while fighting against the disease. Another study that analyzes management measures that should be taken to prevent occurrence of a disease is the one by Narod Offit (2005). Hereditary illnesses should be opposed to chronic ones. In addition, there should be definite measures taken for patients that have already been diagnosed breast cancer and those who may potentially have it in future. As a rule, it is a matter of time if all female relatives of a patient were diagnosed breast cancer. In this case, preventive therapy is the most appropriate measure that consist in risk assessment, genetic testing, counseling sessions, and other steps including breast examination, mammography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography, and screening for other cancers, as well as chemoprevention and surgery as parts of strategies for reducing risks. Moreover, the preventive measures for breast cancer include prophylactic mastectomy, analysis of reproductive factors, and oophorectomy for breast cancer risk reduction. As you can see, there are many steps that can be taken but the most appropriate way to fight against the cancer in the earliest stages is to take a combination of those steps and prevent the occurrence of the disease before the patient is diagnosed breast cancer. Conclusion It appears to be more productive to take preventive measures instead f taking invasive measures while dealing with such problem as breast cancer and inherited breast cancer. Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When women face such problem, they should receive constructive counselling. Moreover, most women with a possibility to have breast cancer can undergo a set of preventive measures including mammography that would help to screen the tumour when non-invasive measures would be enough. The patents as well as health care providers should be aware of the alternative measures to be taken in every separate case and certain complications and individual peculiarities that should be taken into account while considering preventive measures and certain complications, age, family health history, and other numerous factors. Preventive measures can be introduced on the regular basis to help women with different stages of breast cancer to fight their disease int he most productive way. Reference List Blamey, R.W., Ellisa, I.O., Pindera, S.E., Leea, A.H.S., Macmillana, R.D., Morgana, D.A.L.,†¦ Elstona, C.W. (2007). Survival of invasive breast cancer according to the Nottingham Prognostic Index in cases diagnosed in 1990–1999. European Journal Of Cancer, 4 3, 1548-1555. Narod, S. A., Offit, K. (2005) Prevention and management of hereditary breast cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 23 (8), 1656-1663. Perry, N., Broeders, M., de Wolf, C., Tà ¶rnberg, S., Holland, R., von Karsa, L. (2007). European guidelines for quality assurance in breast cancer screening and diagnosis. Fourth edition – summary document. Annals of Oncology, 19 (4), 614-622. Ravdin, P. M., Cronin, K. A., Howlader, N., Berg, C. D., Chlebowski, R. T., Feuer, E. J., †¦ Berry, D. A. (2007) The decrease in breast-cancer incidence in 2003 in the United States. The New England Journal of Medicine, 356 (16), 1670-1674. Robson, M., Offit, K. (2007). Management of an inherited predisposition to breast cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine, 357 (2), 154-162.

Motivation for Learning Foreign Language Research Paper

Motivation for Learning Foreign Language - Research Paper Example Motivation to learn a foreign can also be defined as â€Å"complex of constructs, involving both effort and desire, as well as a favorable attitude toward learning the language at hand† (Winke, 2005, p3). In other words, the learner is encouraged to learn a foreign language because of the underlying factors such as integration into the society using the language. Motivation in learning a foreign language happens when the learners find importance in learning the language of the society they live in. The learners use the language to exchange opinions, and express their thoughts with each other and thus, increasing their urge to learn the language autonomously and continuously. Types of Motivation Motivation can be categorized into integrative motivation and instrumental motivation. Integrative motivation is defined as the learner’s orientation towards learning second language (L2). Successful students in learning a foreign language tend to be those who admire people that speak the target language, like their culture and have the urge of integrating or becoming familiar with the society using the language. When an individual becomes a resident of a certain community that makes use of the target language in its daily interactions, integrative motivation becomes the key element in developing the level of language proficiency. It becomes mandatory for the individual to function socially within the community and becoming one of its members (Norris-Holt, 2001). On the other hand, instrumental motivation is characterized by the need to gain something concrete or practical from the learning of a second language. The goal of acquiring second language in instrumental motivation is utilitarian, for instance, meeting the necessities for university or school graduation, application for a job, reading technical material, attaining higher social status, translation work, or request for high pay based on the language ability. Instrumental motivation is common in in stances where the acquisition of a second language is not important for the learner’s social integration into the society (Norris-Holt, 2001). Both instrumental and integrative motivations are important elements for success but it has been found that integrative motivation sustains long-term success in the learning of a second language. Research shows that integrative motivation is important in the formal learning setting or environment. It is important to note that both instrumental and integrative motivations are not necessarily mutually limited. Learners rarely choose one type of motivation when studying a second language. Instead, the learners combine both orientations. For instance, international students living in the United States learn English for academic reasons and at the same time, they desire to become incorporated with the culture and the people of the country. Motivation is an essential factor in second language achievement. Thus, it is crucial to determine the combination and form of motivation that helps in the effective acquisition of a foreign language (Norris-Holt, 2001). Gardner’s Socio-Educational Model The model identifies factors that are interrelated in learning a second language. It is important to note that motivation to learn a second language is one variable and when combined with other factors, it influences the learner’s success. The work of Gardner focuses on foreign language acquisition in a language classroom. The model tries to interconnect four characteristics of second language

Shri Ram Restaurant - Operations Management Essay

Shri Ram Restaurant - Operations Management - Essay Example Sometimes the customers have been quoted saying that, the services are slow and the rooms squeezed and that people should only go there when they are not in a hurry or are craving for South Indian foods. They have continuously complained that the decor is tacky and the lighting very poor (tripadvisor, 2013). Although the restaurant is well furnished and well equipped with Colourful painted walls, such comments from customers should be seriously treated taking into account that ‘the customer is always right’. Such problems have been causing slow growth of the business due to low customer turnover. To deal with these challenges, Shri Ram Restaurant needs to identify the areas with discrepancies and come up with proper solutions. The main issues that need to be handled are; inventory and capacity management, supply chain management, risk management, lean and waste management, demand forecasting and queuing calculations, quality models, and global and international issues. I n order to complete the customer’s requirements, the restaurant should manage the inventory effectively. Managing finances by use of database is very crucial for effective and accurate use of funds. Quality management remains the key point that forms basis for the business’s main stay and a pacesetter for steadfast growth and expansion.According to Laird and McCutcheon (2002), risk management is the integrated loom to the management of the constant reduction of risks to environment assets, production and people in the industrial setting... Purpose of Case Study The purpose of the study is to better the services of the restaurant through improvement of customers and staff management and production processes. Sometimes the customers have been quoted saying that, the services are slow and the rooms squeezed and that people should only go there when they are not in a hurry or are craving for South Indian foods. They have continuously complained that the decor is tacky and the lighting very poor (tripadvisor, 2013). Although the restaurant is well furnished and well equipped with Colourful painted walls, such comments from customers should be seriously treated taking into account that ‘the customer is always right’. Such problems have been causing slow growth of the business due to low customer turnover. To deal with these challenges, Shri Ram Restaurant needs to identify the areas with discrepancies and come up with proper solutions. The main issues that need to be handled are; inventory and capacity managemen t, supply chain management, risk management, lean and waste management, demand forecasting and queuing calculations, quality models, and global and international issues. In order to complete the customer’s requirements, the restaurant should manage the inventory effectively. Managing finances by use of database is very crucial for effective and accurate use of funds. Quality management remains the key point that forms basis for the business’s main stay and a pacesetter for steadfast growth and expansion. Risk Management According to Laird and McCutcheon (2002), risk management is the integrated loom to the management of the constant reduction of risks to environment assets, production and people in the industrial setting. Chandler (2003)

Nationalism Multiculturalism Nation

Nationalism Multiculturalism Nation Introduction: Nationalism and Multiculturalism†¦.. Ethno cultural pluralism is an unavoidable fact of life. Almost every state is ethnically and/or culturally heterogeneous. Walker Connor famously suggested that there were only seven examples in the world of states that met the nationalist test of one state per nation, one nation per state. Herder was the one coining the word nationalism. He believed in the uniqueness of each culture and the impossibility of comparing different cultures on an absolute scale of value. Modern Nationalism has various traits and variants: civic, ethno-cultural and multicultural. We should understand nationalism, then, as a normative argument that confers moral value on national membership, and on the past and future existence of the nation, and identifies the nation with a particular homeland or part of the globe. Sweeney defines ‘three types of nationalism: state, civic and ethnic; ethnic nationalists who stress culture and descent, civic nationalists who stress culture and territory but not descent, state nationalism which asserts the dominance of a particular ethnicity. Civic nationalism†¦is more tolerant of diversity, and is marked by a recognition of different ethnicities. He implies that state nationalism, although a well-defined category, has been abandoned by modern European states, leaving only a contest between the remaining two nationalisms. At the same time he hints at the possibility of a new third nationalism that goes beyond the merely civic and tolerant, when he introduces the idea of a nationalism that is marked by multiculturalism. So, there may remain three types of nationalism: ethnic, civic, and multicultural. Since nationalism is well entrenched in the state-society structures, it is an undeniable factor in politics where it creates individual loyalty to an ethnic community, constructing the group identity and working on the mobilization for the benefits of the group interests. But, sometimes it affects the society negatively, this happens if the majoritarian nationalism was contested by a competing nationalism, the society may witness bloody aggressive confrontations, such as what used to happen in between the Scottish and the British in the United Kingdom. Thats why modern history witnesses a large-scale loss of life and property all over world in the name of promoting nationalism. On the other hand, so far in most of the literature, multiculturalism is considered as a policy framework rather than a form of nationalism. A way to manage the immigrants population, achieving integration while maintaining identity. Thus, multiculturalism can be viewed as both a policy adopted in diversely cultural societies and as the demographic cultural status in these societies. As a descriptive term it is used to describe societies which have many distinct cultural groups usually as a result of immigration. Multiculturalism as a public policy for managing cultural diversity in a multiethnic society officially stresses mutual respect and tolerance for cultural differences within a countrys borders, emphasizing the unique characteristics of different cultures especially as they interact with one another inside these societies. Immigrants should preserve their cultures with the different cultures, interacting peacefully within one nation. An important remark in this regard is the fact that while all societies today are culturally heterogeneous, not all of them are multicultural. I quote Bhikhu Parekh â€Å"Multiculturalism doesnt simply mean numerical plurality of different cultures, but rather a community which is creating, guaranteeing, encouraging spaces within which different communities are able to grow at their pace. At the same time it means creating a public space in which these communities are able to interact, enrich the existing culture and create a new consensual culture in which they recognize reflections of their own identity.† Ralph Grillodistinguishes between weak multiculturalism in which cultural diversity is recognized in the private sphere while a high degree of assimilation is expected of immigrants and ethnic minorities in the public sphere (law and government, the market, education and employment) and strong multiculturalism marked by institutional recognition of cultural differences in the public sphere including political representation and private one. The emerging trends in nationalism in some countries point to the fact that it is much more than just a set of political principles for nation-building. However, one wonders whether it is proper to label multiculturalism as a form of nationalism when many multicultural states are not able to avoid a backlash from the majority or completely satisfy the minority to the extent that the nationalist vision is truly adopted by the entire nation. That is why to know whether nationalism can be multicultural, it is highly important to study the states response and its policies regarding immigrants and minorities within multicultural societies. Generally, no state is entirely neutral in arbitrating these nationalist visions. Use of coercive means can be expected of any state while deciding to form its nationalist vision and this happens irrespective of the nature the political system. Taylor Strong insists that the nationalist sentiment remains an integral part of the political culture of a state. He perceived the identity as being unattached from the public domain and that is why the state can not be neutral because it is in control of the identity of the nation. For him, this establishes the limits of multiculturalism; once cultural identity is recognized then transformed into a state, the cultures that are internal to this community can not be entitled to benefit from the same right. But still he believes that each culture should preserve its authenticity since the recognition of the equal value of each culture will be permitting the public conversation between the diverse identities. Kernerman identifies that the main issue behind multicultural nationalism is how to achieve a balance between the need to sustain diversity and the necessity to achieve unity with the major question of how are the various manifestations of diversity to be recognized and understood in relation to one another and to the political community? But what is the position of minorities within multicultural societies? And how does the state deal with them? How can we balance between national sentiments and inclusion of immigrants peacefully in a plural society? The paradox of multicultural societies: nationalism Vs. multiculturalism?! Within multicultural societies, people usually disagree about how national unity is best achieved and what it should look like? Some demand equal treatment of all citizens, regardless of their cultural, ethnic, racial, religious or other characteristics since citizenship must be left undifferentiated and symmetrical. Citizenship should be difference blind. In contrast, others demand forms of differentiated citizenship where their differences are not only recognized, but also incorporated into the rules, procedures, and symbols of the political system. That is why many related issues gain attention of policy makers in these societies such as: the scope of minority rights, and the under representation of minorities in electoral politics, the absence of loyalty†¦. But the oppositions remain: equal versus differentiated citizenship, individual rights versus collective rights, impartial versus group-based representation, and so on. Within multicultural societies, nationalism is a site of polarization, driven by mutually exclusive understandings of which units of identity- groups and peoples- should dominate in the collective understanding of the political community. These communities/groups have some conception of the parts and the whole, and so they operate according to their specific logic of identity. This shows how the state has a major role in boosting the sense of loyalty and national identity among the different communities within the society. This role differs among states given different national histories, legal frameworks, and preferences for managing immigration. Contemporary States which adopts an integrative multicultural policy claim that their nationalism is civic rather than ethnic, emphasizing on their equal rights agenda. But inspite of that some signs suggest that minorities may still feel outsiders despite the equal rights and the civic welcome. Parekh points out: one might enjoy all the rights of citizenship and be a formally equal member of the community, and yet feel an outsider who does not belong. It depends upon the public as much as on the Parliament and on political symbols, images, ceremonies, collective self-understanding and views of national identity as much as on equal-rights legislation. No society can remain the same when it admits new members, rather every society constantly redefines and reconstitutes itself in response to the emergence of new generations who bring with them new ideas, forms of self-understanding and modes of behavior. Thats why immigrants are considered a challenge. To solve this, common belonging need to be developed by all states institutions. Common belonging is a two-way process; immigrants can not belong to the society in which they have chosen to settle unless it is prepared to welcome them, and conversely it can not accept them as full members unless they wish to belong, with all what this entails. Common belonging therefore can only be achieved if each party respects the terms of the relationship and discharges its obligations. That is why Inclusiveness is usually formulated in the metaphor of two-way integration. The first of the EU Common Basic Principles of Immigrant Integration Policy states: Integration is a dynamic, two-way process of mutual accommodation by all immigrants and residents of the Member States This means that not just immigrants but also the receiving society has to change, the latter being mandated to create opportunities for the immigrants full economic, social, cultural, and political participation. This is a process that requires each side to stick to its obligations so as to get its rights fully satisfies. On the immigrants side, they may legitimately ask for changes in the practices and institutions of the wider society if the demands are biased or can not be met. Their demands are likely to receive a favorable response only if they have made a commitment to society, valuing their membership of it. These minorities arrive willingly as immigrants to the host country, wishing to belong to this country of settlement and they are expected to be loyal, especially that a society is not a chance collection of people who happen to live together; rather it represents a way of life built up through struggle and sacrifice over several generations. Since their identities and histories are closely bound up with their society, they rightly feel protective about it. Native citizens want to be reassured that immigrants value their membership of it, and respect its way of life. Immigrants need to commit themselves to the host society and accept the expected responsibilities and obligations, but this does not mean that they should break their ties with their country of origin. Such a demand is unfair, impossible to meet, and unnecessary. What can be demanded of immigrants is that they should see their country of settlement as their home, whatever other homes they might also happen to have. It should mean something to them, have an intrinsic value for them, and they should give reasonable evidence of their commitment to it. Such a commitment establishes their good faith, gives them the rights of membership, and entitles them to make different claims on the rest of society as their process of settlement requires. Immigrants express their commitment to society in several ways: They should cherish its integrity and well-being, respect its authority and laws, and in general discharge their obligations as citizens. Immigrants also affirm their commitment to society by participating in its common life, discharging their share of collective responsibility, being productive workers, not abusing the available welfare provisions, and so on. But this does not include interfering in their personal life sphere which does not affect the shared collective life or else it will be unequal treatment. Immigrants need to acquire the cultural competence to help them get acquainted with their new countrys way of life. This involves learning its language, understanding and observing its rules of civility and norms of behavior, and familiarizing themselves with its traditions, history and moral sensibilities. That is why both the state and the society must help them integrate within the fabric of the society with all possible legal and social facilities. From the many types of cultural rights claimed by immigrants are: Exemptions from laws which penalize or burden cultural practices of members of a religious/cultural group whose practices are different from the societys known practices because of the very different meaning it has for the majority culture. Thus, the exemption is justified as recognition of that difference. Also, some related claims seek to have the general law recognize a culturally specific way of establishing certain rights which are established otherwise by the general law. A simple example is the authority granted to religious officials in some states to perform legally binding marriages. Assistance rights to do those things the majority can do unassisted, helping the minorities to overcome obstacles to engaging in common practices. Special provision is sought because of culturally specific disadvantages or because the desired common activity has been designed in such a way as to keep members of non-dominant groups out. Introducing new citizenship and English language requirements are two main policies in this regard. Representation of minorities in states decision-making bodies. Adequate representation of the immigrants should be ensured in the major political institutions to allocate them a fair share of public resources, to secure protection of their interests/rights and to prevent discrimination. The mechanisms for this vary; sometimes it takes the form of straightforward quotas. Symbolic claims to acknowledge the worth, status, and existence of various groups (name of polity, official name of ethnic groups, national holidays, teaching of history, official apologies). The above shows how both the society and the state are needed in the integration process of minorities to meet the needs of both the immigrants and the native citizens in a just fair way that seeks the benefits of the whole society. The states integration policies changed over time till it reached to the multicultural pluralistic form for several reasons including: (a) Demographics: In the past, many governments had the hope/expectation that ethnic minorities would simply disappear, through dying out or assimilation or intermarriage. It is now clear that this is not going to happen due to their high birth rates. The percentage of immigrants in the population is growing steadily in most Western countries, and most commentators agree that even more immigrants will be needed in the future to offset declining birth rates and an ageing population. (b) Rights-Consciousness: the human rights revolution that is premised on the idea of equality of human beings raised the awareness of groups which now have a powerful sense of entitlement to equality as a basic human right, not as a favor or charity. (c) Democracy: In many countries around the world, elites ban political movements of minority groups through different ways. The fear of this sort of repression often keeps minority groups from voicing. Keeping quiet is the safest option for minorities in many countries. However, in consolidated democracies, there is no option but to allow minority groups to mobilize politically and advance their claims in public. It is this loss of fear, combined with rights-consciousness that explains the active nature of ethnic politics in western democracies. The state must make a commitment to immigrants in appropriate ways dealing with the facts that they are new to the society and are liable to misunderstanding and negative stereotyping. Also, they need time to acquire the necessary cultural competence, and in the meantime they lack a clear coherent voice. Being outsiders, they are often resented and also likely to be discriminated against and may suffer from various kinds of disadvantage. This deepens the role of the state to ease their transition, helping them become full legitimate members. Since the nature of the attachments of the groups to the larger political community varies, certain mechanisms are needed to accommodate these variations. This requires some actions from the states side such as: First: Discrimination against immigrants in all areas of life, especially in areas such as employment and housing, should be declared unlawful and subjected to appropriate sanctions since it implies unequal treatment, building up frustration, and can over time generate a profound sense of alienation and marginality. When the state does nothing about it, it sends out the message that it regards them as an inferior class of citizens. Thus the state must address the socio-economic exclusion problems. Secondly: Immigrants suffer from several economic, social, cultural, political and other disadvantages which impede their settlement. This requires a comprehensive public policy covering areas such as: the immigrants need to learn the language in classes that suit their needs and working hours, dealing with residential concentration phenomenon when it transfers from being a comforting way of boosting the immigrants self confidence and safety into an impediment of integration by confining immigrants to their own community. Thirdly: Educational institutions play a crucial role in creating a common sense of belonging. They should prepare their students to live in a multicultural society, cultivating the necessary multicultural skills as tolerance, openness to other ways of life and thought and mutual respect. Citizenship is not entirely about rights, but is a matter of participation in the political community and begins early in life. It concerns the learning of a capacity for action and for responsibility but, essentially, it is about the learning of the self and of the relationship of self and other. It is a learning process. Consequently, it is vital to build up inter-ethnic bonds through associations which bring together different communities in the pursuit of common interests, and develop mutual understanding and trust, fostering a strong sense of civic identity that transcends ethnic differences and creating a larger sense of national identity. Also, Multiculturalism may take the form of revising the educational curriculum to include the history and culture of minority groups; creating advisory boards to consult with the members of minority groups; recognizing the holy days of minority religious groups; teaching police officers, social workers, and health care professionals to be sensitive to cultural differences in their work; developing regulations to ensure that minority groups are not ignored or stereotyped in the media; and so on. These policies may seem discriminatory but they are not because they are intended to remove obstacles to equal fair competition and tackle disadvantages, not to give arbitrary and unfair preference to minorities and immigrants. So when in some cases they receive greater attention, this is only because their disadvantages are greater than normal citizens and are compounded by discrimination. It is an affirmative-action/positive discrimination† program in light of citizens varying legal frameworks. Inspite of all these efforts, sometimes obligatory civic integration (civic integration courses and tests for newcomers†¦) is interpreted as an instance of repressive liberalism especially that non-compliance tends to be sanctioned in terms of financial penalties or denial of permanent legal residence permits. Some view that the novelty of civic integration policy is its obligatory character, which has notably increased over time, and this notional ‘integration policy has even transmitted into a tool of migration control, helping states to restrict especially the entry of unskilled and non-adaptable family immigrants.Some believe that what began as an immigrant integration policy has thus turned into its opposite, a no-immigration policy. But this is not totally true, since basic knowledge of the host societys language, history, and institutions is indispensable to integration. Thus, it is the right of the host country to ensure the success of its integration process through the means fitting its societal framework. But, still some countries tend to be so aggressive in its immigration policies out of its belief that immigrants pull the economy backwards. Such an issue differs among countries according to the ruling political system. But, still the public policies mentioned and the attitudes expected from the minorities are the least acceptable to ensure a peaceful multicultural society which both preserves its identity while respecting diversity. Conclusion: Multicultural governance may be the most feasible theory to achieve a multicultural national citizenship because it operates with the purpose of constructing normalized multicultural citizens within a balanced regime of identity and diversity. Multicultural governance does far more than protect the spaces within which diversity can flourish; it helps to create these spaces. It constructs the identity framework in which cultural freedoms can be asserted and deployed. A multicultural state will be providing the categories within which groups and citizens negotiate their behavior and interact together so that the citizen can belongs to an ethnic group and to the nation simultaneously. As Charles Taylor believes, personal identity is formed in a symbiotic relation with a collective identity and is nourished by the culture that the group shares. This emphasizes the importance of having a multicultural spirit within the society, believing that with the appropriate policies adopted by the states institutions to facilitate the integration of minorities and with a high degree of loyalty from the minorities side, an authentic multicultural nationalism can flourish where both the national identity and diversity are being respected and promoted. Such visions draw the best mechanism that can achieve a real multicultural national society, proving that a balance can happen between both nationalism and multiculturalism. Appendix: Generally, we can identify four types of minorities which are disadvantaged and need to be well integrated: Groups have their cultural roots within their country of citizenship, but have a key defining characteristic (e.g. gay/lesbians; disabled people). groups are autochthonous minorities (i.e. national minorities or aboriginal peoples) (e.g. the Quà ©bà ©cois; the Basques) groups have cultural or ethnic roots not only outside the territory of the state in which they have citizenship but also outside the Western world (e.g. Black-British; Chinese-Americans) groups are mainly religious minorities originating outside the Western world (e.g. French Muslims; British Sikhs) In this research I was focusing mainly upon the minorities of the last 2 kinds who usually arrives as immigrants to the host country. Bibliography: Birnbaum, Pierre and Strong, Tracy, from multiculturalism to nationalism, Political Theory, Vol. 24, No. 1, 1996. Bourne , jenny, In difference of multiculturalism, Institute of race relations IRR BRIEFING PAPER NO.2http://www.irr.org.uk/pdf/IRR_Briefing_No.2.pdf Chirot, Daniel Herders Multicultural Theory of Nationalism and Its Consequences, East European Politics and Societies, volume 10 ,1995. Delanty, Gerald, Two Conceptions of Cultural Citizenship: A Review of Recent Literature on Culture and Citizenship, The Global Review of Ethno-politics, Vol. 1, no. 3, March 2002. Economic and social research council ESRC, Program on devolution and constitutional change, Towards a multicultural nationalism? Anglophobia and Islamophobia in Scotland, Devolution Briefing No.24, March 2005. Gallis, Paul (ed.), Muslims in Europe: Integration Policies in Selected Countries, CRS congressional research service, November 18, 2005. available online at : http://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33166.pdf Halstead, schooling and cultural maintenance for religious minorities in the liberal state in Kevin McDonough (Editor), Walter Feinberg, (Editor), citizenship and education in liberal societies: teaching for Cosmopolitan Values and Collective Identities, 2003, Published to Oxford Scholarship Online: January 2005. Harris, John, a paradox of multicultural societies, Journal of Philosophy of Education, Vol. 16, No. 2, 1982. Hussain, Asifa and Miller, William, Multicultural Nationalism :Islamophobia, Anglophobia, and Devolution. Available online at: http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/politicalscience/9780199280711/acprof-0199280711-chapter-1.html. Joppke, Christian Beyond national models: Civic integration policies for immigrants in Western Europe, West European Politics, Vol.30, No.1, http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713395181 Keating, Michael (Editor), McGarry, John, Minority Nationalism and the Changing International Order, 2001, Published to Oxford Scholarship Online: November 2003.AVAILBALE at: http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/private/content/politicalscience/9780199242146/p013.html#acprof-0199242143 Kernerman, Gerald, Multicultural Nationalism: Civilizing Difference, Constituting Community, Law and society Series, (Toronto, UBC Press, 2005) Kymlicka, Will, Multiculturalism and Minority Rights: West and East, journal on ethno politics and minority issues in Europe, Issue 4, 2002, http://www.ecmi.de/jemie/download/Focus4-2002_Kymlicka.pdf Levy, Jacob T. The Multiculturalism of Fear. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. Oxford Scholarship Online. Oxford University Press. 27 March 2008 Moore, Margaret ethics of nationalism, (oxford: oxford university press, 2001), Published to Oxford Scholarship Online: November 2003. Available online at: http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/private/content/politicalscience/9780198297468/p011.html#acprof-0198297467. Parekh, Bhikhu, â€Å"A commitment to cultural pluralism, available at: http://kvc.minbuza.nl/United Kingdom/archive/commentary/parekh_sum.html, Parekh, Bhikhu Unity and diversity in Multicultural societies, International Institute for Labor Studies, published paper, Geneva, 2005. http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/inst/download/1parekh.pdf, Vertovec, Steven â€Å"Trans national challenges to the New multiculturalism†, university of Oxford .paper presented to the ASA conference held at the university of Sussex, 30 march -2nd April 2001.